Ethical Theory Matrix
| Theory | Decision Criteria | Your Own Example | Strengths | Weaknesses |
| Utilitarianism
|
Ethical decisions produce the greatest good for the majority. | The care team may make a decision to use ventilation to save more people compared to alternative treatment options. | The theory encourages individuals to make decisions that enhance happiness across society.
People understand the risk of hurting others and the need to align individual’s behaviors with collective interests. |
Failure to acknowledge the influence of other aspects such as love.
The theory could be misleading by encouraging loss of few lives at the expense of others. |
| Kantian Ethics
|
Respect for humanity drives individuals to respect rules. | The theory reminds individuals about their duty of care such as handling patients regardless of complexities in the clinical environment. | The theory stresses the need for individuals to fulfill personal and professional obligations.
Emphasizes on respect for sanctity of life. |
May expose healthcare professionals to adverse outcomes such as hospital-acquired infections.
People have different abilities to make rational decisions. |
| Ross’s Ethics
|
Plurality of duties make individuals responsive to requirement to help others, correct mistakes, and embrace equity. | A critically ill patient with limited survival chances may require healthcare professionals to avoid interventions that cause additional pain or suffering. | Stresses the need for people to maintain positive relationships.
Reinforces the need for proper motives when handling others. |
Does not justify acceptance of certain rules and obligations.
Neglects aspects such as family relations and compassion. |
| Natural Law Ethics
|
People have the intrinsic values, attitudes, and behaviors that shape their reasoning. | A nurse may decide to ease suffering by administering pain management medications. | Upholds human goodness by encouraging flexibility in decision-making.
Emphasis on morality.
|
Reliance on assumptions when making decisions.
Fixed human nature |